Atlas of Rural and Small Town America: County-level data for population change overall and by demographic group, includes 60 socioeconomic indicators; ongoing updates.
500 cities project: The 500 Cities project is a collaboration between CDC, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the CDC Foundation. The purpose of the 500 Cities project is to provide city- and census tract-level small area estimates for chronic disease risk factors, health outcomes, and clinical preventive service use for the largest 500 cities in the United States. These small area estimates allow cities and local health departments to better understand the burden and geographic distribution of health-related variables in their jurisdictions, and help them plan public health interventions. Get downloadable data, maps, and links to programs/interventions.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has updated its County Health Rankings for 2016. This interactive resources slices and dices a wealth of community health measures; you can drill down and compare different counties or analyze in-state rankings on criteria ranging from obesity to socio economics to preventable hospital stays.